Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

In a field where back biting is the rule and many scholars simply dismiss the writing of their opponents out of hand, William Dever stands out for his careful critiques of the theories of those with whom he disagrees. As with his other works, Prof. Dever engages in a point by point refutation of those who differ from his positions. At the same time, as in previous works, he reveals the political/ideological motivations of many other scholars. Doubtless, many readers will wish to see this as a political work, but in fact Professor Dever's theory, that the Israelite tribes evolved from displaced Canaanites who merged with other marginal groups would please few ideologues. Perhaps that is because his primary interest remains constructing a cogent theory that fits with the available data? Of particular note, Professor Dever does an excellent job synthesizing anthropological and archeological evidence to craft his thesis. In a few places professor Dever does fall short. While he does a good job demonstrating how Biblical and archeological data do and don't mesh, his textual analysis on issues such as the bible writers knowledge of Egyptian names seems occasionally lacking. Still, his easy writing style and crisp prose offer an enlightening and entertaining read for those interested in the subject. Those of an ideological bent may find much in this book to upset them, but those seeking knowledge will be glad they picked it up.

The Bible originated with the Torah and the Torah originated with the Israelites. Therefore, where the Israelites came from is a foundation upon which all that follows rests. It's a fascinating topic and Dever makes all the answers available in this short and easy to read book. In early chapters, Dever talks about the history of the archeology relating to this issue and the range of opinions which have developed. He also frankly discusses the modern fad of minimalism wherein some academics and non academics have advocated that Bible/Torah stories are just myth. A veteran of field research in Israel, Dever shares the pertinent information from various digs to develop a picture of what was a mass population explosion in 12th/13th century BCE Canaan. In quantifying the findings from these digs, Dever introduces us to the people who lived in the Judean foothills at roughly the same time Pharaoh Merneptah was touting a victory stele which claimed: "Israel is laid waste; his seed is not."

The Introduction and Chapter I - "The Current Crisis in Understanding the Origins of Early Israel" contain some very important statements about the purpose of this book. Professor Dever addresses the question of the historical basis of Israel's origin in Egypt and Canaan:- that is the Exodus and the Conquest. He defines his methodology as using archaeological evidence as a control (not proof) in rereading biblical texts, and argues that there are at least 5 basic approaches for doing so, ranging from a) Assume the biblical text is literally true, and ignore all external evidence as irrelevantb) Hold that the biblical text is probably true, but seek external corroborationc) Approach the text and external data with no preconceptions, single out the convergences, but remain sceptical about the restd) Contend that nothing in the biblical text is true unless proven by external datae) Reject the text and any other data because the Bible cannot be trueHe holds to the middle ground because he thinks that truth is most likely to be found there.This is an absorbing book, and one which seems to use "The Systems Approach" for describing his position - i.e. What is the problem and its significance, what are the facts, what are the alternatives, and what is the most appropriate solution. Having clearly stated the problem, Professor Dever reviews the account of the Exodus, the Conquest of Transjordan, and Conquest of the land west of the Jordan, identifying the problems with these accounts, and the inconsistencies with the archaeological evidence. This is followed by a thorough review of the current state of archaeological facts, and a summary of the material culture of Iron Age I. From there he proceeds to review the various attempts at a synthesis of textual and archaeological data over the past 40 years, which includes a review of the work and position of scholars from the Older Israeli Biblical Scholarship, the German School, the American School Biblicists, Histories of Israel, The Biblical Revisionists, and the Israeli and American Archaeologists. He devotes a separate chapter to the works and views of Israel FinkelsteinHis closing chapters on the Ethnicity and Archaeological record of the early Israelites, and Salvaging the Biblical Tradition are masterworks of analysis in arriving at a balanced conclusion on the origins of the Ancient Israelites This is a very thorough and well reasoned book, and one that should be read by anyone who is interested in the subject of Israel, past or present. Whatever category you place yourself in the five approaches above, it is worth it. What category am I in? Probably somewhere between (b) and (c) and I definitely need to read it again before I read another book about Israel!

Although the book is mostly a review of the last 100 to 150 years of scholarship on the subject of origins, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From offers a fine critique for the student or interested reader. The author, William Dever, is a professor of Near Eastern archaeology and anthropology at the University of Arizona, an institution noted for its on going work in the Middle East in collaboration with other institutions of higher learning, (including site work in Egypt under the directorship of Otto Schaden, with whom I studied Egyptian hieroglyphics years ago). With some thirty years of experience in the field, he is able to interlace his discussion of current theories with insights of his own taken from this perspective. One of the points that I admire most about the book is the author's lack of rancor. Knowing as I do that the field of Biblical studies can present a minefield of controversy to anyone who professes any point of view, and that the journals can fairly smoke with comments and counter-comments to the editor, I find his openness laudable. The author does have his disagreements with the proponents of other theories, but he seems able to give them a fair and balanced airing and credit where credit is due. This isn't always easy in a field where contention rules, reputation is made by going against the current, and tenure may be given to those who successfully unseat their elders. Part of the contention also arises from a peculiar need to justify the biblical narrative, to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that it all "really happened" and is therefore "true." Like proving the existence of God, this is essentially a non-question. The religious reality of the Bible and its stories is a matter of faith; one either accepts it or doesn't according to ones own light. To the devout, proof is unnecessary as the author himself notes in his introductory chapters. The modern political ramifications of Israelite origins is another embarrassing stone for the scholar to trip over, one of which Dever also makes note. The charge that Israelite origins or even the reality of its monarchal state was a fiction created to serve the political interests of their creators, and even more inflammatory, the possible suppression of "Palestinian history" by the modern state of Israel have made the issue of "historic reality" a major political problem that is not likely to go away anytime soon. With so much at stake both personally and nationally, any definitive statements in whatever direction are likely to be seen as an attack by someone. With the above caveats, I tend to agree with Professor Dever's assessment of the situation. It seems highly probable that the later state of Israel arose from an indigenous source with small exogenous groups providing origin stories that were useful to later redactors to whose efforts we owe the modern version of the Biblical narrative. Whatever the motivation of these latter ind

If one must rely on a single source relating to the historicity of the Old Testament Professor William Dever's latest book is the one. "Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?" effectively makes use of his concept of "convergences between artifacts and texts." He brings to bear archaeology, history, mythology, scripture and tradition on the people he calls the proto-Israelites, the forebears of the nation in ancient Canaan we have come to know as Israel of the Iron Age through Roman times.Notably much of what he writes is based upon his enormous experience in archaeology and more importantly his own fieldwork. His incredible breadth and depth of knowledge and insight pour forth onto the pages of this book.Revisionists and minimalists who allege the Old Testament contains no history of Israel and say it was not composed until the Persian or Greek periods will not like this book. Likewise conservatives and fundamentalists who interpret the scriptures literally will gain no encouragement here.Doctor Dever's scholarly account of the stated positions of all the participants in the debate is of enormous help in sorting out the real issues and putting in perspective the biases and spin being inflicted upon us. Further by explaining how the entire mass of scientific, scriptural and other inquiries illuminates the origins of the Israelites he gives the definitive elucidation. His authoritative conclusions are astute, well thought-out, broadminded and evenhanded.Future discoveries may yield additional knowledge about this important era and exciting subject. However it is unlikely that any results will alter drastically what Professor Dever has written in this excellent, eminently informative and readable tour de force.Dedication of this book to Sean William Dever is especially poignant. It was the loss of the son that prompted the father to focus on a "journey" as the means for dealing with sorrow. I feel that the spirit of the son was in large measure the driving force in the achievement of a superb outcome, "the destination."Louis C. Sheppard, Ph.D., D.I.C.