Was Christ Born At Bethlehem? A Study On The Credibility Of St. Luke (1898)

Sir William Mitchell Ramsay (1851-1939) was a Scottish archaeologist and New Testament scholar, as well as Professor of Classical Archaeology at Oxford University. He is now probably most remembered for his studies (in what is now Turkey and Asia Minor) of St. Paul's missionary journeys and of Christianity in the early Roman Empire, and for his endorsement of the historical accuracy of Luke and the Book of Acts. In this 1898 book, Ramsay argues that "Luke was a great historian," and seeks to defend the accuracy of the events in the early chapters of Luke's gospel from charges of inaccuracy---particularly as regards the census of Quirinius (the biblical 'Cyrenius' is the Greek version of his Roman name) reported in Luke 2:2. He notes the seriousness of this charge, saying, "The confounding of one census with another in this case would be one of the serious things, which condemn the would-be historian as hopelessly incapable of accuracy or sound historical judgment." Later he adds, "If he made a blunder, as seems generally admitted, that would be a sufficient refutation of the view which I have maintained, that he was a great historian." As his suggested resolution, Ramsay suggests Quirinius was 'governor' of Syria on two occasions (the first as a military governor, not the "political" one), and argues that an inscription found in 1794 backs this up. About the dating of this earlier census, he writes, "In Syria, therefore, the periodic year was probably 9-8 B.C., and the actual numbering would take place in the year 8-7 B.C." He later argues that this should be moved up a year, then states, "Between the years of 7 and 6 it is difficult to choose ... Luke, however, gives additional information about the Saviour's life which affords reasonable confidence that 6 B.C. was the year of Christ's birth." Ramsay writes, "these positions, with the experience in Oriental affairs acquired in them, marked out Quirinius as the proper person to guide the inexperienced Gaius Caesar ... These lines of reasoning make it most probable that the two years during which Quirinius was administering Syria and conquering the Homonadenses cannot have been later than B.C. 5-3, and may have been earlier.... This extraordinary command of Quirinius lasted for at least two years, and had come to an end before the death of Herod in B.C. 4.... Tertullian, finding that the first periodic enrollment in Syria was made under Saturninus, inferred too hastily that the enrollment in Palestine was made under that governor. Will full consciousness, (Tertullian) corrects Luke's statement, and declares that Christ was born during the census taken by Sentius Saturninus. Luke, more accurately, says that the enrollment of Palestine was made while Quirinius was acting as leader in Syria." Despite his belief in the general accuracy of Luke's record, Ramsay states, "Luke had little sense for chronology, the value of which in clearly understanding or describing any series of incidents ha