The Religion of Java

Since the release of Clifford Geertzs "The Religion of Java" in 1960, no book dealing with Javanese culture or religon have been written without reference to the work of Geertz. So huge is the influence of this book on Javanese Studies that it has become an impossibility to write about Java and its traditions without consulting this (as it has become) "classic." (The Javanese themselves sometimes consult it!) However, as popular and inevitable as it is, many scholars have a critical view about "The Religion of Java," and the criticism this work has been the object of stems from a variety of reasons. Many scholars of today are of the opinion that Geertz' conclusions do not reflect the Javanese reality (as they percieve it) and thus criticize him on these grounds, but this is somewhat misleading criticism since the Javanese religious and cultural landscape has changed a lot over the last 45 years (Geertz conducted his fieldwork in the late 1950's). Geertz divides the Javanese society into three "variants," that is Abangan, Santri and Priyayi. With abangan he means those Javanese who are only nominal Muslims, that is the group not performing the five daily prayers prescribed by Islamic law or fasting during the month of Ramadan. The abangan group is the largest variant of religiosity in Java according to Geertz and it is a syncretism of Hindu-, Buddhist-, animistic- and Islamic elements wherein the pre-Islamic elements seem to dominate. The second "variant" of Javanese religion is the santri, according to Geertz. The santri comprises the Javanese who first and foremost identifies themselves as Muslims (and not Javanese), and they perform according to their abilities the five pillars of Islam (Confession of faith, the five daily prayers, the taxes, fasting during Ramadan, and performing the pilgrimage to Mekkah). According to Geertz, this variant of Javanese religion is very textual oriented and show a great concern with Islamic doctrines, while abangan is more concerned with the ritual aspects of their religious life.The third variant of the Javanese religiosity is the priyayi which, according to Geertz, is the Hindu cultural elite which primarily is connected to the bureaucratic parts of the society (in contrast to the abangan who are peasants and the santri who are merchants). In saying this, Geertz is often criticized on the basis that priyayi is not a religious grouping in Javanese society, but rahter a social class. In sum then, Geertz divides the Javanese religious landscape into three different variants: the syncretic abangan, the Islamic santri and the Hindu priyayi.For everyone seriously interested in Java and its religious, social and cultural life, this book is a must-have, althoug the reader has to take the conclusions drawn with a pinch of salt. As readers we are told a lot about the cultural life of the Javanese, their spiritual beliefs and rituals, their attitude towards magic, and a lot more. We also find a discussion about the diff