The Druids

I generally think that this is the first book anyone should read about the Druids, not because it contains a lot of information about the Druids themselves, but because it discusses the issues one faces when looking at the typical sources. This is less a book about the Druids as it is a history of the image of the druids. Thus he helps to put the writings of Posidonius, Pliny, and others into a perspective which is sorely lacking elsewhere. Yet this perspective is absolutely necessary if we are to be able to conduct proper studies of the subject. This book does not reveal the Druids so much as it reveals the problems in approaching the subject. A great deal of work has been done on the topic of the Druids in recent decades. Such material is of varying quality. This book helps set in place a framework for evaluating such scholarship, and I would highly recommend it to all interested in the topic.

Fusing both historical research and anthropology this talented author brings to life figures that would require a lifetime of study to partially comprehend. I would suggest this book to anyone who thinks Celtic=Wiccan or that the Irish/Celtic natural spirit is anything but Heathen. A great read for curious Wiccans and well read Indo European sons and daughters.

I read the `Druids' with slightly amused rapture as I imagined the croaky voice of a pre-war colonial authority on primitive tribes. This book had been recommended to me so many times that I eventually caved in and procured it as a bargain on E-Bay. I was perhaps slightly wary of the semi-divine official status of Professor Stuart Piggot, an accepted archeological authority at Oxford University, and whilst he follows the standard principals of academic research and remains objective throughout, his style of writing provokes a `Monty-Python'esque' humor for its occasional eccentricity. What I found immensely helpful was Prof. Piggot's approach to analysis, categorization and organization of evidence and information. This would include the use of archeological, iconographic, epigraphic, classical and vernacular sources. Whilst I groaned every time I came across the word `savage' or `barbarian,' I was also grateful for the authors introduction to the terms `hard and soft primitivism' to explain the differences between the classical Greek and Latin accounts of the Gallic tribes and the Druids. Piggot is absolutely thorough in his approach and account of the Druids. He is prepared to examine every facet, each crumb of evidence and article of information available to him, regardless of academic opinion. I can imagine how revolutionary in format this book might have been when first published, since even today few academics are willing to explore a subject beyond their own particular specialism. For this I admire Piggot, who evidently pushed out the boat, broadened his field of enquiry and tackled the subject as a whole rather than remain in a subjective arena. And so, I found myself looking at the importance of maps, place-names, technology, science, agriculture, economy, social order, language and literacy, archeology, shrines, temples, earth-works, burial sites, votive sites, etymology, rituals, education and literacy, cosmology and religious beliefs, magic, gnomic wisdom, philosophy, and politics. In this respect, `The Druids' is definitely comprehensive, provocative and inspiring; it provided me with a wealth of topics for deeper consideration and contemplation. The bulk of the text is conveniently divided up into four main chapters. In the latter part Piggot deals with the romantic ideal and the Druid revival. Whereas many scholars would begin perhaps in the 17th century with Tolland and Stukely, Piggot draws back to the last phase of the European Renaissance to discover the roots of paganism as we know it today. I found it interesting to learn that many early speculations on the nature of the Druids and Celts were colored by the discovery of native American Indian tribal cultures and systems. Piggot takes the reader up to the romantic revival, the `dignified nonsense' of the Welsh Gorsedd and Iolo Morganwg, the shady mysticism of dreamers and the `cosy world of lunatic linguistics' of individuals like Rowland Jones. Piggot's view of this latte

_The Druids_ by distinguished archeologist Stuart Piggott, published in the Ancient Peoples and Places series, is an essential source on this ancient Celtic priesthood. This book covers much material dealing with the archeological remains available from the ancient Celts, as well as material from ancient texts (mostly written by Greeks and Romans). The first section of this book covers the archeological remains of the ancient Celts, including tombs and various artifacts which are believed to be connected with the Druids. These remains are present throughout Britain and Ireland as well as in parts of Continental Europe, from France all the way to Czechoslovakia. The second section deals with ancient texts which help inform the archeological discoveries. Important writings from Posidonious, Lucan, and Caesar are explained. To the ancients, the world was believed to have fallen from a lost Golden Age, and thus the ancient barbarian tribes represented this pastoral paradise. Thus, druids were depicted as noble priests and wizards who ruled as philosophers and poets of nature as part of a soft primitivism. However, as part of a hard primitivism it was noted that druids practiced human sacrifice and engaged in ghastly rituals (often involving mistletoe as a sacred plant). Caesar and others were appalled by these cannibalistic rites and had them prohibited. The third section of this book deals with the romantic notions of the druid that sprang up later. These romantic notions again incorporated elements of soft primtivism, presenting the druids as noble savages (much as the inhabitants of the New World were perceived), or hard primitivism, presenting the savagery (especially human sacrifice) of the druids. Important writers developed the druid myth, often deriving them from the children of Noah after the flood. The druids came to play some part in the thinking of deists and nature worshippers but also in that of orthodox Christians who saw in the druids a precursor to their own faith. Early writers dealing with the druids included John Toland, William Stukeley, and William Blake. Also, the stone monuments such as Stonehenge came to be associated with the ancient druids through this romantic literature. Within the last hundred years, societies sprang up claiming druidic pedigrees for themselves. Indeed, one such druidic society included among its members Winston Churchill. Today many of these druidic societies hold rites around Stonehenge and other sacred monuments during certain times of the year. The author stresses however the distinction between druids-as-known and druids-as-wished-for. This book provides an excellent introduction to the archeology of the ancient Celts and the history of the druids.

In "The Druids" Piggott first defines the limits of what can be known about any pre-literate people such as the Druids, and how it can be known. This is not, as so many other books on the topic turn out to be, a romantic description of an ancient people, but rather a history first of the archeological, then the contemporary historical, and finaly the historiographic records of the Druids, who they may have been, and what they may have been about. Throughout, Piggot continuiously contrasts the three levels of historical knowledge, described as "Druids as known," "Druids as inferred," and "Druids as wished-for." The first third of the book is one of the better examples of conservative (not in a political, but an academic sense) archeological interpretation as Piggot explains the few hard facts that can be discerned from material remains, and the few inferrences which can be made from those facts. To romantics and lovers of "Druids as wished-for" this part will probably seem quite dry and lifeless, but for those interested in real archeology and it's interpretation, this may be the most interesting part of the book. Piggott then takes us on to contemporary accounts of the Druids from their literate neighbors in the ancient world, while still mainting his contrast between what is known and what is inferred. This is the part of the book that will interest those who want to get the best possible picture of who and what the Druids really were, as these contemporary and near contemporary accounts are the closest things we have to real insight to the culture of the ancient Celts. Of course, this can be gleaned from the primary sources as well, and whether or not you read Piggott's book, Ceasars "Gallic Wars" and the Ulster Cycle of Irish legends are both well worth reading. Finally, Piggott takes us on a history of the history of Druids, from the Renaissance through the modern era. This is almost as fascinating to me as the prior two-thirds! of the book, as this section shows how the scant historic and archeological records were interpreted in all manner of romantic, nationalistic and downright bizarre ways. All in all, "The Druids" is a fine example of sussing out the real history of a subject that is often treated with more romance and fantasy than scholarly rigor. Unfortunately, there is little that we can truly know about the Druids because they left no written records themselves, and their neighbords had all manor of political and cultural biases when they wrote about them. But even if the Druids still remain a cypher, isn't it far more fun, and more fascinating to try to solve the cypher with what facts are available, rather than the romantic fantasies that have piled up over the years?