Tears of the Cheetah: And Other Tales from the Genetic Frontier

This is a gem of a popular science book. The author uses his first hand knowledge of some older and recent research projects to highlight important principles of the evolution of our immune system. Humans are mammals, and like other mammals we have co-evolved over millions of years with a large number of bacteria and viruses. Our current genetic makeup reflects this, and our understanding of evolution and the immune system has increased greatly. The message comes through loud and clear - we can not study the human animal alone, with similar evolutionary pressures having occurred in many species; extremely valuable knowledge will come from the study of disease in many different species. With that knowledge comes the responsibility to conserve the habitat for all species on this amazing planet.

I liked this book because I am a lover of animals and I like to read further into them. I especially love cheetahs and in the genetic world, cheetahs are a prime example of a species that genetics can be traced and studied because they were almost wiped out.

I enjoyed the book very much.I would recommend it highly for anyone who has an interest in understanding basic genetics or for someone who is just interested in learning something new. Dr. O'Brien is a wonderful story teller and writes in a language that is easily understandable. He slowly introduces the concepts in an interesting progressive manner which enables the reader to understand the more advanced concepts toward the end of the book. I thought the book was truly fascinating.

It has been but a few decades since the structure of the DNA molecule was discovered, a structure of astonishing simplicity. The complexity comes with the infinite arrangements of the four simple letters of the molecule, and the array of proteins that the arrangements code for. We are just at the beginning of understanding and using the coding, and Stephen O'Brien, head of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institutes, is one of the decoders. In _Tears of the Cheetah: And Other Tales from the Genomic Frontier_, he has told fourteen stories of deciphering DNA for the purpose of determining animal history. There are remarkable discoveries outlined here, in which O'Brien directly took part or supervised those who did (he is gracious in his acknowledgement of these colleagues), and some of the molecular science is complex and will challenge readers who are not familiar with the field. The stories themselves, however, are compelling, and will be a good introduction to just what sort of mysteries are being unlocked by our knowledge of DNA and genomes (the sum total of an animal's genes), and how the solution of the mysteries holds potential not just for intellectual satisfaction but for the benefit of humanity.The story that gives the book its title is about genetic studies of wild cheetahs, and it reflects a theme of a population bottleneck which is frequent in these pages. Because 12,000 years ago, the number of cheetahs were drastically cut (probably by an epidemic), only a handful remained to breed. When O'Brien came to investigate why cheetahs were breeding so badly in zoos and preserves, there was a shock: there was almost no variation in cheetah DNA. They were as inbred as lab mice. Some mice in China a thousand years ago, however, had been squeak by a viral plague because they had part of the virus incorporated into their own DNA; this may mean that all sorts of DNA strands of viral preventatives are awaiting our discovery, and use. There is a chapter here on Florida's endangered panthers, which like cheetahs are dangerously inbred, and the politics of conservation of species and subspecies. O'Brien explains how feline immunodeficiency virus (something like our HIV) infects many cat species but kills few of them because beneficial genetic changes are evolving. There is a fine chapter on the century of controversy about how to classify panda bears. There were good arguments from the physical characteristics of pandas that put them in the bear family, but there were others that indicated they were related more to raccoons. The argument was at a dead end; some of the means of classifying animals are based on simple human judgement and are therefore to a degree subjective. With examination of the DNA, however, O'Brien's team could show that the panda's ancestors split away from the family of bears about twenty million years ago. Pandas are bears, and the controversy is, thanks to molecular genetics, over. Lo

The bits of the book I have read so far have been interesting and fun to read. I think the reader from Seattle with the poor spelling skills who believes that wildlife conservation is a "special interest" should quit griping in his anonymous envy of O'Brien, who has produced hundreds of scientific papers furthering our understanding of human diseases, in many cases by studying related diseases in wildlife. Many of the stories are highly interesting. Read the book.