Pastoral Counseling Across Cultures

A phenomenally well written book. Once again, I feel swamped with information, not because of poor writing style, but because there is just so much here, with so many connections, and so intelligently written. On the level of Finnegan's Wake or the Bible in the myriad of connections. Augsburger looks at how counseling can and should be done cross-culturally, respecting the person's culture, and yet helping them through the issues that are important to them. He describes pastoral counseling emically at one point, as something where the counselor describes up-front what he or she is about, and where their interests lie. This is an overtly Christian book, with an overtly Christian intent- but also something that non-Christians could learn a lot from.The book then goes through many interesting turns, looking at different aspects of culture. Such as, how do you counsel a culture that is shame-based, or anxiety-based, as opposed to guilt-based (Asian, African, and American cultures respectively). Shame and anxiety are not bad, but different, and he talks in a very interesting twist about how Americans have a very undeveloped sense of shame. He looks at the interplay of the individual vs. the group- how some cultures see themselves as groups completely. How is effective counseling done to them?I particularly salute Augsburger on two points. He pulls no punches when it comes to women, describing how they are oppressed in different ways in nearly every society, forming a culture often separate, and in nearly every society, needing empowerment and enfranchisement. And Augsburger takes a whole chapter to look at the nature of the demonic and the supernatural, fully accepting their presence, and yet not advocating that there is a "demon under every doily". He speaks of Heibert's "excluded middle", wherein the West has a high view of God, and a morality for everyday life, but no longer believes in the interplay between the two, the supernatural. The 2/3rds world is very aware of this excluded middle, and deals with it daily. So therefore also does Augsburger. He carefully points out that not everything is demonic- indeed, most is psychological. But there are also places, and times, when one runs into and needs to deal with the demonic, and to be prepared for it. To do otherwise would be to not fully appreciate and accept the culture on it's own terms, but rather to try to impose Western etic beliefs on the other culture. Which is only further imperialism, and indeed, in the end, racism.As someone who grew up in another culture, a kinship society, I often feel that therapy does not meet my needs. Likewise, Western therapy would say that there needs to be a healthy amount of privacy between people, when we were very public. And it seeks to empower me as an individual, when I am not, but the embodiment of a group. And it seeks to destroy my sense of shame, which is actually a healthy part of my people. I could use a therapist whose read thi