In this book the seminal 1970 Moscow thesis of Grigoriy A. Margulis is published for the first time. Entitled "On Some Aspects of the Theory of Anosov Systems", it uses ergodic theoretic techniques to study the distribution of periodic orbits of Anosov flows. The thesis introduces the "Margulis measure" and uses it to obtain a precise asymptotic formula for counting periodic orbits. The thesis is complemented by a survey by Richard Sharp, discussing...