His adult life was unremarkable; in his role as Papal Nuncio to France, he was considered an "affable amateur." When he was elected pope in 1958, it was thought he would be a placeholder, someone who was easily controllable until the Curia could decide on a worthy successor. Instead, Giuseppe Roncalli, Pope John XXIII, distinguished himself by establishing a spirit of aggiornamento-- "opening wide the windows of the Church"--and convened the...