God in the Machine: What Robots Teach Us about Humanity and God

Ask yourselves a question: what makes a being a person? If you don't like that question, consider another: what defines life and how do we know that it is present in creatures other than ourselves? These are just two of many questions theologian and computer scientist Anne Foerst ponders in this interesting and provocative book. "God in the Machine" considers what it means to be human, to have a soul, and to connect to God. Foerst is one of several scholars seeking to explore possibilities for a trans-human future in which robots and humans co-exist, or perhaps robots and humans merge into a new species of cyborgs. With a background in theology she is less interested in questions of what defines a legal person than what defines a new form of life. And what is the connection of that life to God. She notes that building these new life forms--robots--make us co-creators with God in what could be the advance of a new species. She suggests building robots may be best perceived as a type of prayer. "God in the Machine" offers a breathless consideration of five major themes in cybernetics and theology. The first is the age-old quest to create life. From Golems to Frankenstein's creature this has been a dream of humanity. Second, Foerst explores the idea of embodied science, and then moves on to embodied intelligence, the fundamental attribute of robotic research. From there she investigates the nature of community and what it means to be a person within the context of larger systems. Finally, she seeks to link these ideas into a final chapter on the relationship of humans and robots in community. This is an interesting, provocative, and sometimes frustrating work. Foerst writes well, but her illustrations are sometimes poorly drawn and not as fully explained as I would like. She also dispensed with notes in favor of a bibliography for each chapter, which meant that the sources for quotes are sometimes difficult to discern.

As a former student of Dr. Foerst, I was somewhat predisposed to the material that is presented in this book, perhaps more so than the average reader. This book is well written which promotes the speed at which one finishes it; but is clearly written for a popular audience. As far as a criticism, I believe that this particular volume introduces more questions then it answers. The positive side of that remark is the number of splendid conversations that the book sparks. I have had many an intellectual discussion of science, philosophy and theology with friends and colleagues as the result of just some of those unanswered questions found in the book. I would recommend this book. My only request of Dr. Foerst is that another volume on this topic is written that dives more deeply into some of material introduced in this first book.

Those readers who have no religious beliefs but yet are interested in or working in the field of artificial intelligence may think that this book would not be very interesting or important, or possibly an apology for a particular religious worldview. When beginning the book this attitude will be reinforced somewhat, since it takes a while for the author to develop her main themes. Once she does however the book is fascinating, and her discussion of some of the issues in artificial intelligence is highly original and insightful. Considering the environment in which she worked it is refreshing to learn that the author was taken seriously, in spite of her overt expression of her religious beliefs. The only minus to the book is that the author concentrates her attention on robotics, which is a very narrow field of artificial intelligence at the present time. Machines can be intelligent to various degrees without looking like humanoids and without interacting with the environment in the manner that the author describes in great detail in the book. Indeed, these machines are more than just the "machines that sit on the desk" to quote the author. No, they cannot move in the world as humans do, but their abilities to perform tasks in a way that cannot be done by humans attests to their cognitive abilities. Along with those who work in the field, the author has developed a deep appreciation of the magnificence of the human machine. She encapsulates her view of humanity not according to the usual classification, but according to human capabilities. Humans can tell stories ("homo narrans"), can stand upright ("homo erectus"), can use technology to change the world ("homo faber"), can engage in creativity ("homo ludens"), and can hold to religious beliefs ("homo religiosus"). There are of course other machines, biological and otherwise, that can do some of these things, but the human machine is unique in being able to do all of them, and then with a relatively low energy requirement. This of course does not make the human machine superior to the others, and in fact humans cannot compete at all with some of the machines of today in certain tasks. Those who build robots though insist on replicating the idiosyncrasies of the human machine, even though these robots may not be useful in any practical sense. The author's goal in the book is to try and understand why the building of these robots has been such an intense activity in the last half-century. It is clear that many do not find the prospect of humanoid robots very pleasant at all. Hollywood movies, with their depiction of machines bent on the annihilation of humankind, are both an expression and cause of this anxiety. But stories of non-human entities possessing high degrees of intelligence have also pervaded our myths and stories long before the invention of film. As an example she describes the myth of the "golem" coming from Jewish mysticism. Interestingly, in some stories, golems are made from cl

Does artificial intelligence come with an artificial soul? Most robots are simple devices that can only do simple tasks, run a weld in a car body, spray paint in a pre-programmed path or something like that. But in the advanced labs, research is advancing the capabilities of robots to get closer to what you see in the movies. Anne Foerst, a theologian and a research scientist, shares her discoveries from her days acting as an informal liaison between the Harvard Divinity School and MIT. She was struck by the similarities between the religious community as it struggled to comprehend God's will and obey divine laws, and the work of scientists struggling to understand how intelligence can be replicated and how self-aware machines can be constructed. If Western religions claim that mankind was created in the divine image, then Dr. Foerst ask what it means for humans to be continuing the process, creating a new kind of life in their own likeness.