Civil War! America Becomes One Nation

The title of "Civil War! American Becomes One Nation," an illustrated history for young readers by James I. Robertson, Jr., has an interesting title which echoes the point Ken Burns often made in talking about his celebrated PBS documentary on "The Civil War," that before the war people said the United States "are," but afterwards they said the United States "is." The story of the Civil War is inherently one of national divisions, but Robertson literally begins with the positive legacy of the war. His introduction emphasizes that although it should not have happened this way, the Civil War brought an end to three heated controversies about the future of the nation: (1) there would be a permanent union of states; (2) the rebuilt country would be a nation with a strong federal government; and (3) the U.S. would be a land where "all men are created equal" and not the largest slaveholding nation in the world.Robertson's book focuses on why the differences between North and South ended in a war and the changes that it brought about to the new nation. In between he describes the major military campaigns, covers the political leaders and military commanders who directed the war, and tries to show how the Civil War touched ever part of American life and all of its citizens while producing a strong and united nation. That last bit might smack of hyperbole, but Robertson certainly gets credit for looking backwards to show how the Civil War created the country in which we live. In other words, it was a second American Revolution it that it produced a new nation that really did not exist before that time.The first and chapters of the book provide the requisite background on the war, setting up how King Cotton and his slaves ruled the South while in the North abolitionists began their attacks. The chapter on the road to war looks at how the Compromise of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry set the stage for Lincoln's election and the attack on Fort Sumter (there is a nice sidebar on the many names by which the 1861-1865 conflict would be known). Before getting into the start of the fighting, Robertson provides an overview of the differences in the resources of the Union and Confederate in terms of the advantages and disadvantages they presented each side.Chapters are devoted to the military actions of each year, alternating with chapters on other issues including the problems faced by Presidents Lincoln and Davis, the main military commanders on both sides, the naval war, the lives of Johnny Rebs and Billy Yanks, emancipation, the health issues of the war, and life on the home front. A final chapter is devoted to Robertson's arguments for "Why the Civil War Still Lives." Through the book Robertson highlights key issues in sidebars. For example, in the chapter devoted to the start of the fighting in 1861 he provides a chart detailing the organization of Civil War